Literary Analysis

Introduction Frederico Garcia Lorca’s â€Å"romance de la pena negra† was published alongside various similar poems in the book entitled â€Å"Romancero Gitano† or commonly known as the Gypsy Ballads. The poems therein focused on the character of the gypsy which acted as a representation of the instincts and passions unbridled by the trappings of morality, society, cultural training and distinction[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This particular distinction accorded to gypsies is not unique to Lorca but rather can be seen in other famous work such as The Hunch Back of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo where the female character Esmeralda is represented as being outside the normal trappings of society, being the embodiment of passion and freedom. Another similarity between the two works can be seen in Lorca’s representation within the vario us poems of the supposed â€Å"omnipresence of sexual instincts† (Edkins 238 – 239) which are always threatened by repression yet break free nonetheless often times leading to a sudden and climactic death. As you may recall, the character of Esmeralda also died towards the end of the novel. This is indicative of a style that shows how the release of unbridled passion is usually looked down upon by society and is met by an ignominious and sudden unfortunate ending in most cases[2]. While the poem â€Å"romance de la pena negra† does not end in the death of the character it does appear to end negatively. As such, based on the comparison of the works of Lorca with other similar kinds of literature using the same type of literary pattern this paper will attempt to examine whether freedom and passion for Lorca, despite the overtly sexual content of his work, are aspects which should be controlled lest they result in an ignominious end. Examination of Ballad Structure and use of Dramatic Imagery This particular work of Lorca utilizes an 8 syllable line rhyming structure prevalent to many poems produced in that era. Due to the simplicity of the structure the poem is easy to read and as such the dramatic imagery that it imparts becomes that much more impressive. The one criticism I have of various poetry styles that attempt to use dramatic imagery is that at times they use overly complicated structures or monosyllabic structures which are hard to understand or comprehend immediately. For example the poem â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† is considered to be the masterpiece of 20th century writer William Carlos Williams, supposedly written in five minutes when he was caring for a sick child that eventually died[3].Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case instead of the various lines being measured by syllables they are instead measur ed by words with each stanza in the poem having three words with a single line coming after that with just a single word[4]. Though this particular type of poem is attempting invoke a type of dramatic imagery through simplicity its overall style is so far from the norm that most people find it hard to comprehend the meaning of the poem let alone see any form of imagery resulting from it. On the other hand the styles utilized by Larco are far more reminiscent of traditional poetry styles and thus can easily be interpreted and understood. This in itself could be considered an intentional aspect of the poem done by Larco in order for the imagery he was trying to portray to appear more easily. Invoked Imagery Repeated reading of the poem invokes two distinct forms of imagery to describe Soledad Montoya, the first taking the form of a river flowing down a mountain, the second being the imagery of a woman traversing the mountain steppes with her clothes undone and her hair all around her face. When researching the words â€Å"Soledad Montayo† nothing truly definite came about that accurately describe who or what it was. The reasoning behind its usage can thus be attributed to artistic license where the author wanted it to mean something for a specific reason with which many interpretations can be derived. First Imagery: The Raging Mountain Stream While this particular interpretation of the imagery invoked by the poem is far from traditional interpretations the fact remains that if an individual were to try to interpret the poem from a literal context many would assume that the few beginning stanzas were describing a river. For example the lines â€Å"down the dark mountain comes Soledad Montoya† (Edkins 238 – 239), if placed in the context of a geographic location most people would think it refers to a river. This interpretation is further justified by the succeeding lines â€Å"Yellow copper, her flesh, smells of horses and dusk† (Edkins 238 – 239), it is a well known practice in various agricultural parts of Spain to take horses out in order to let them drink from the river. Since it takes a while for the water to flow down a mountain the water that drips down from the time of dusk reaches the horses by the time of dawn. The yellow color is attributed to the light of the sun striking the water’s surface giving it a slight golden sheen. This final line from the poem solidifies this line of reasoning â€Å"Soledad of my sorrows, a stampeding horse ends up in the sea and is swallowed by the waves† (Edkins 238 – 239). One well known fact is that all rivers inexorably flow from mountains to the sea, the flow of water increases depending on the breadth and depths of the water making it seem at times like the stampeding hooves of horses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whi le this interpretation is largely literal it does make quite a bit of sense when compared to stanzas used to show the correlation between the poem and the river. The use of personification in various parts of the poem could be interpreted as the river speaking, an occurrence that is not unique in the realm of poetry where the use of personification has been attributed to far stranger objects. Second Imagery: Woman traversing the mountain steppes on her way home The second and most widely accepted imagery attributed to the poem â€Å"romance de la pena negra† is that of a mountain girl in Spain coming down from the mountains with a disheveled appearance who had tried to look for her forsaken lover. An attempt to translate the words â€Å"Soledad Montoya† using Google Translate shows that the word â€Å"Soledad† could be interpreted as â€Å"solitude†, to contextualize this word to better fit the poem the translation would be â€Å"lonely Montoya†. B ased on this it can be assumed that the character of Soledad Montoya is someone that is lonely. The gender is defined from the following line: â€Å"smoky anvils, her breasts wail rounded songs, braids trailing the ground, my body and clothes, my linen camisoles† (Edkins 238 – 239). The use of breasts, braids and linen camisoles is indicative of the physical traits seen in women and unlikely to be utilized by men as such the character in poem can be described as a lonely woman when adapting the use of the word â€Å"Soledad† to indicate loneliness. Another factor to take into consideration is the title of the poem itself â€Å"romance de la pena negra†, a literal translation of this results in the phrase â€Å"ballad of the black grief†. When taking the title of the poem into consideration and the interpretation of the word â€Å"Soledad† to mean loneliness the resulting characterization is that of a lonely woman that is grieving. To this en d it must then be asked what the woman is grieving about, the following lines shed light on answering this particular question: â€Å"do not remind me of the sea, for the black grief is born under the rustling of the leaves in the lands of the olive tree† (Edkins 238 – 239). Three particular details must be noted here, for one the poem obviously takes place in the setting of a mountainous region, secondly the character specifically mentions the sea as the source of her grief and finally the phrase â€Å"lands of the olive tree† (Edkins 238 – 239) indicates a place far away.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One assumption that seems the most likely is that the origin of her grief is someone who left on a ship on the sea to go to the land of olive trees. An examination of various literary contexts specifically mentioning the phrase â€Å"the land of the olive trees† indicates the area to either be in Italy or somewhere near Greece or the Mediterranean. Since the setting of this poem is assumed to be in Spain this indicates that that the lover of Soledad went away to the land of olive trees. Thus the plot of the poem becomes obvious, the character â€Å"Soledad Montoya† is walking through a mountainous region after seeing her lover leave on a ship on the way to the land of olive trees. Her loss creates loneliness and sorrow emphasized by the lines â€Å"what a pitiful grief, you weep drops of lemon, bitter lips, sour with waiting, how heavy is my grief† (Edkins 238 – 239). Interpreting the Context of the Second Imagery Earlier it was stated that within the var ious poems in â€Å"Romancero Gitano† there existed the supposed â€Å"omnipresence of sexual instincts† (Edkins 238 – 239) which are always threatened by repression yet break free nonetheless often times leading to a sudden and climactic death. The character of the gypsy acted as a representation of the instincts and passions unbridled by the trappings of morality, society, cultural training and distinction which is an ever present aspect of the various poems thus it can be assumed that such aspects also exist within â€Å"romance de la pena negra† as well. As mentioned earlier the work of Lorca tended to focus a lot on freedom and unbridled sexual instincts however in several poems the result of such exuberance has always ended in sorrow. The same can be said of the situation in â€Å"romance de la pena negra†, the character of Soledad Montayo can thus be assumed to be the personification of the sexual qualities Lorca liked to imbue in his poems[ 5]. Stanzas such as â€Å"yellow copper, her flesh smells of horses and dusk, smoky anvils, her breasts† seems to bring forth the imagery of a truly spectacularly beautiful woman who embodied the freedom and sensuality associated with gypsies. In the poem itself there are actually two voices, that of Soledad and another that asks her who she seeks and tells her to clean her body, as such it can be assumed that this individual is a parent possibly the mother of the character herself. As such in this poem we are privy to the scene of a mother comforting her daughter after she had lost her love. Another interpretation of the poem using the same context can be that Soledad Montayo was taken advantage of with the word Solidad taking on the meaning of â€Å"sorrow† instead of loneliness. For example these are several curious lines in the poem that need to be examined more closely: â€Å"tormenting pain! turning jet black, my body and clothes, my linen camisoles! my thighs o f red poppy!† (Edkins 238 – 239). While emotions associated to grief can cause pain the next set of words â€Å"turning jet black† add a rather curious detail to the poem. While it can be assumed that the term â€Å"turning jet black† could be assumed as her heart turning black as is seen in numerous poems about lost love there is no specific mention of the heart itself. Rather turning jet black could be associated with apparent injuries that are turning jet black which are causing her pain. What must be understood is that Lorca enjoyed adding overtly sexual references to much of his work and as such it would not be surprising to see an aspect of that reflected in this poem[6]. The tormenting pain, the injuries turning jet black and a specific reference to her thighs being red could be indicators of an apparent sexual assault. Many version attempting to interpret the poem of Lorca always seem to depict Soledad Montoya in rags, another interpretation could be that her dress was ripped as a result of being assaulted. In keeping with the ignominious end several gypsies in the poems of Lorca met, in this instance it could be that Soledad Montoya was with her love who was headed to the land of olives yet refused to give herself to him, as a result he overpowered her, raped her and left. This would explain why the parent in the concluding stanzas of the poem told Soledad to clean her body. As such this shows how Soledad Montayo who embodied the freedom and passion of the gypsies found herself reaching a bad conclusion as a result of her passions. On the other hand another interpretation of a less sexually charged nature can state that her loss was merely that of losing her love. An examination of the life of Lorca at the time of this poem’s creation showed that at the time he was passionately involved with Salvador Dali yet they could not go public with their relationship due to the inherent problems with the views on homosexual beh avior at the time. As such the message of the poems which indicate that passions and freedoms should be controlled lest that person meets an ignominious end could be a reflection of the thoughts of Lorca at the time who could not let knowledge of his relationship and his apparent homosexuality go public due to the social ostracization that would follow[7]. Conclusion Based on historical revelations on the hidden life of Lorca it can be seen that the messages in some of the poems in which love and passion allowed to reign free met ignominious ends was the result of Lorca’s own reasoning that he should not reveal who he was to the public[8]. His poems acted as a reflection of this own thought process similar to what Oscar Wilde accomplished in his literary masterpiece â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† where the characters of Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian Gray and Basil Halward all acted as reflections of the author’s own persona. In the case of Romancero Gitano the po ems contained therein could be considered more of an interpretation of the author’s thought processes and logical thinking rather than a true reflection of personality. References Edkins, Anthony. â€Å"Gypsy Ballads (‘Romancero gitano’).† Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 238-239. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Greenfield, Sumner M. â€Å"Garcà ­a Lorca, Federico.† Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature (February 1980): 285-286. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost . â€Å"The Book of the Dead Man (The Red Wheelbarrow).† Boulevard. 109-110. OpoJaz, Inc., 2010. Footnotes Edkins, Anthony. â€Å"Gypsy Ballads (‘Romancero gitano’).† Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 238-239. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Ibid â€Å"Th e Book of the Dead Man (The Red Wheelbarrow).† Boulevard. 109-110. OpoJaz, Inc., 2010. Ibid Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Greenfield, Sumner M. â€Å"Garcà ­a Lorca, Federico.† Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature (February 1980): 285-286. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost . Ibid This essay on Literary Analysis was written and submitted by user Averie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How did the Tsar deal with unrest Essay Example

How did the Tsar deal with unrest Essay Example How did the Tsar deal with unrest Essay How did the Tsar deal with unrest Essay How did the Tsar deal with unrest during 1905? Throughout 1905 there were many Instances of unrest that the Tsar dealt with well In the sense that to a certain extent it was controlled. There were however many cases that the Tsar didnt deal with well or In fact, deal with at all. Nicholas failures during this period of revolution began with the Russians loss in the Russo-Japanese (lasting from 1904 1905) war. Russians defeat was hugely humiliating for the nation and many turned to blame the Tsar. It was the beginning f the exposure of Russians incompetent military and bureaucracy. This humiliating loss was almost a catalyst to the revolution, but this in mind, the immediate cause of the was the event of Bloody Sunday a peaceful march aiming to bring a petition to the Tsar resulting in the supposed deaths of around 1,000 people killed by the Cossack troops In a source It said The soldiers fired all day long. The dead were counted In the hundreds, the wounded In the thousands. 1 This source however Is probably Inaccurate seeing as Trotsky wasnt actually present In SST Petersburg at the mime. Bloody Sunday was a huge turning point In the relationship between the Tsar and his people Bloody Sunday put an end to the myth of the Tsar-Bathtubs The loving father from whom nothing good could come. 2 There is no apparent reason for this source not to be trusted, even though it was published 86 years after the events, it complies with the majority of sources (excluding sources that may appear biased) from the time. Bloody Sunday was the final act that broke that shattered the illusion that the Tsar was appointed as the leader by God as Marc Offer said in the name piece Bloody Sunday snapped the sacred bond which had united people with their Tsar3. Eventually the people began to revolt, there were acts of terrorism and strikes spreading rapidly all over Russia. In June there was mutiny aboard the battleship Pottering, creating disturbances wealth the government as they were concerned that other sections of the armed forces would also mutiny. The government decided something had to be done about this, If Nicholas lost the support of his military he would lose his most powerful tool in controlling the people, o to resolve the situation, in September a peace treaty was signed between the Russians and the Japanese, there were thousands of troops now available to end the disruption within Russia itself. In order to get back in favor with the military the government paid them all their pay back and promised them all better conditions in order to regain their loyalty. This was one of the better decisions made by the Tsar in controlling the unrest, as was peaceful and he didnt have to resort to force. In the countryside the peasant rioting were spreading more and more,offences would angel from simple acts of Insubordination and refusing to pay tax, to looting and burning the landowners houses and selling land and livestock, It is Important to realism that peasants made up for 80% of the population and not very much was little power. Different groups were also demanding changes, and strikes were happening all over the country; a source stated work stopped everywhere: on the railways, in all factories, workshops 4 The relationship between Russia and France was fairly stable at the time so there appears to be no reason for the French Consul o exaggerate or falsify the information. While these strikes were going on in SST. Petersburg a workers Soviet was formed where factory representatives would meet to organize strikes. Similar Soviets began to form in other cities, this was a great threat to the Tsars government. To deal with the forming of the Soviets and the strikes, the Tsar was left with two main options, deal with force ( possibly his preferred option, but would create an even bigger barrier between him and the people and was incredibly inhumane due to the amount of people that would have to e killed ) and giving in. So on October the 30th Nicholas very reluctantly issued the October manifesto, in order to provide reforms like the establishment of Dumb and liberal freedom, this worked possibly better than even the Tsar himself expected splitting the opposition as he had managed to please the liberals and middle class people with a supposedly democratic government that they had been fighting for ending their protests and turning their support to the Tsarist government. Although Nicholas concessions were actually limited, the laws were changed to voting laws to reverent the election of radicals and the secret police did actually carry on destroying the opposition. A newspaper in 1905 wrote Weve been given a constitution yet the autocracy remains5 This source however is possibly inaccurate and exaggerated at the time even if it was proven to be true later on, the constitution had barely been around when the source was posted and it was a newspaper that belonged to the Soviet who was formed to overthrow the government. In December, all the troops had returned back to Russia and the Tsar felt as though e had regained his power, and regained his control, he was now ready to face the opposition ( the SST Petersburg Soviet and an armed uprising taking place in Moscow). Although this would have made him unpopular, in terms of control however, it did work. This may have worked in the short- term but as a long term solution it Just drove a bigger divide between the Tsar and his people. The Tsar with the exception of Bloody Sunday- did actually managed to deal with the situation in the most peaceful way possible ( The gnaws mutiny and the reluctant gigging of the manifesto) with least bloodshed even if he was forced to do so. The October Manifesto may have ended up being a long list of broken promises and he may have never have had good intentions he did please a large proportion of his people momentarily. Although the way he dealt with opposition wasnt the most peaceful or humane method of dealing with the situation, ultimately it was dealt with, and it was dealt with quickly. So in terms of the question the Tsar dealt with unrest well, and within the year managed to regain almost complete control again.

Comparison of Boston and Oxford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Boston and Oxford - Essay Example The city of Boston, on the other hand, has what could be described as a continental climate, such as is quite common in New England. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy and snowy. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore affect Boston, minimizing the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region, and bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The River Charles forms the boundary between Boston city, Watertown, Cambridge and neighboring Charlestown. The Boston Harbor lies eastward of the city, with the city's Harbor Islands National Recreational Area. Another river, the Neponset River separates Boston's southern neighborhoods from the town of Milton and Quincy city. Also, "The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, while Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper."   There are quite a number of colleges and universities in both cities, and it would probably be a difficult and close choice when deciding which of these cities one  should go to school in.  The environment of both cities is conducive for learning, and they are both home to two of the best universities in the world, Boston University and Oxford University.

The role of construction manager and project manager Essay

The role of construction manager and project manager - Essay Example On the other hand, a construction manager is charged with responsibilities similar to those of a project manager but there are certain distinct aspects in the role of the construction manager. Therefore, a construction manager is charged with the role of specifying project objectives and plans that include the delineation of scope. Thus, it the job of the construction manager to come up with strategies as to how the objectives of the construction work or project is to be carried out. This means that without the construction manager it is virtually impossible to run construction, as there is no distinct plan to be followed to completion of the work at hand. In addition, the manager sets the performance requirement so of the staff, as well as selects the participants of a project Project management is important, as it facilitates and ensures projects run smoothly, since it is the process charged with organizing, motivating, planning and control of resources. As such, I believe project management is the logical part of very project as it serves to hold together a project by having its objectives laid out, as without the objectives, there is no sense in having the project, where it has no goals to achieve. This implies that without project management, the whole deal of having a project is similar to having a building with no contract to have it occupied or even used. Project management is also important in that it acts as the mediatory aspect of having a project and owning it, in which case it is the job of the management to ensure that all issues involving the project reach both sides. This is implies that it is up to management to ensure that should there be a problem with project executioners, management acts as the intermediary to deliver the information to the owner, and the owner uses the management to deliver the solution or suggestion to the executor. This is similar to having project management act as a form of magistrate to resolve disputes between all si des involved, where the project manager is in charge of the management. In addition, I believe project management is the single most important cog in the wheel of a project where it directs all the activities of a project by eliminating confusion. Construction management is important in that it serves the central role of construction work, in which case nothing happens without the approval of management. As per the common description of construction management where the manager oversees the labour part of construction work, I believe that management focuses on the recruitment of workers (Wynn 2012). This implies that without construction management, there is plenty that cannot happen, where qualified members of staff in relation to construction cannot be hired. This translates to the lack of objectives, which the members of staff are supposed to accomplish, which a disaster waiting to happen, as without this administrative post, the meaning of construction is lost. With this in mind , construction workers are directionless, that is if they even are hired because there is no management to ensure that they get the job. Construction management is also important as it sets the budget based on the requirements on the ground as it has first-hand information on the requirements. This is because the management knows the amount of time required to conduct a given amount of work, as well as resources

Maternal Death Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maternal Death - Research Paper Example Those deaths occurring to women during pregnancy but are not related in any way to that pregnancy are referred to as accidental. However, many other definitions are contrary to this. Such definitions offer an extension of the duration for consideration after the termination of the pregnancy to one year. Other definitions incorporate incidental and accidental deaths of pregnant women as maternal death (Temmerman & Verstraelen, 2004). Therefore, there lacks a universal definition of maternal death. As such, the issue of maternal death is complex, starting from its definition, to its causes. While there is wide range of information sources regarding maternal death, the sources have not tackled the subject comprehensively, with a gap being left for more research to be undertaken in this field (Temmerman & Verstraelen, 2004). Although it is a complex issue, there is much that is known about maternal death. One of the issues well studied and understood is the causes of this death. The remedies to these causes have also been researched and developed. The direct causes attributable to this death include bleeding. This is known to account for 25% of all maternal deaths (Thaddeus, 1994). This bleeding is caused by hemorrhage or deep vein thrombosis. A lack of skilled medical care during birth could also lead to bleeding, since cuts could be made in a way they are not supposed to be made. If not addressed, bleeding can kill a woman within two hours after birth. Therefore, it is supposed to be addressed immediately it is discovered, through the injection of oxytocin immediately after birth. The other cause of maternal death has been observed to be infections, which normally occurs after birth. After birth infections, accounts for 13% of all known maternal death (Temmerman & Verstraelen, 2004). Therefore, it can be prevented through the observation of hygiene after the birth of the child by a woman. If the signs of infections are discovered earlier, then seeking medical attention is important to eliminate infection related deaths. High blood pressure is another cause of maternal death, which accounts for 12% of such deaths in women. This needs to be discovered and managed earlier, just before it causes convulsions and other complications to the pregnant woman. The effects of high blood pressure can be lowered through the administration of magnesium sulfate, which lowers the risk of developing the high blood pressure in pregnant women (Temmerman & Verstraelen, 2004). Obstructed labor is another cause of maternal death. This mostly occurs when the head of the unborn child is too big for its mother’s pelvis. It can also occur, on the event that the baby is poorly positioned in the uterus (Huron, 2005). It is known to cause 8% of all maternal deaths and as a result needs to be controlled . Obstructed labor can be addressed by the use of partograph, which detects the conditions of a baby before birth. When observed that the conditions are likely to cause prolonged labor pain, then a caesarian delivery can be opted for, to reduce risks associated with obstructed labor for the mother and the child. There are other causes of maternal deaths, which are classified as indirect. They include diseases

The Perception Of Tourists Tourism Essay

The Perception Of Tourists Tourism Essay The tourism industry has become a powerful engine for the economy in many countries. The impact of tourism on society is also related to the different kinds of tourists and a variety of host societies. Hence, their special interest is, in particular, based on their perception. Therefore, the present research will focus on the perception of international tourists, when selecting their World Heritage tourism destination, as this will help us establish the marketing strategy for the World Heritage sites in Thailand. In order to illustrate the heritage tourism in Thailand, this study will focus on the ancient capital cities of the kingdom of Thailand, in which long prosperous eras have been run. Quantitative and qualitative data obtained from questionnaires and an in-depth interview with a president of a world historical park will be the main sources of input for analysis. This chapter starts by outlining the topic and major constructs of the research. It also provides the reason why this information needs to be examined; this is in order for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to increase the number of travellers to Thailand, especially to the heritage sites. The chapter will provide the background information, which is related to the summary of the previous research, followed by the research aims and objectives and the proposed value on the current study. Thailand is also known as the Land of Smiles, which is a reflection on the hospitality and friendly nature of the country as a tourist destination. Peleggi (1996) states Thailand is a country provided with rich culture, history and public museums containing valuable archaeological collections. Moreover, Baedekere (1997) elaborated that Thailand is a must go destination for everyone who has an interest in Asian culture, and for anyone looking for beautiful landscapes and a pleasant climate (Wongkerd, 2003). Tourism represents one of the most dynamic economic sectors of the world. The tourism industry has also increased significantly in the developing countries, especially Southeast Asia and the Pacific. According to the World Tourist Organisation (WTO), tourism trends in Asia and the Pacific were only second after Europe as the most visited regions in the world. As a result, cultural tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry, so its clear that a trend is developing; an increased interest in more specialised activities among tourists. (This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people (Wikipedia, 2010). As Thailand enters the 21st century, the tourism industry continues to play an important role in contributing to the growth of economic and social development. It has been reported that tourism makes up 6.7% of the Thai economy and 7% of the jobs. Thailand is also well known for the enduring hospitality of its people, its ancient culture and natural environment on offer to visitors. Hence, the number of tourists has steadily increased over the last ten years. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has stated that Thailand is the myriad tourist destination as its a cultural, natural, exotic and historical site (TAT, 2009). Thailand was ranked eleventh in International tourism receipts (US$ 15.6 billion), and eighteenth in international arrivals with 14.5 million visitors in 2007 (Tourismroi, 2008), (See Appendix 1). Moreover, Thailand wins four Go Asia awards honouring the best service provided for travel to Asia at ITB Berlin 2010 (The Worlds Leading Travel Trade Show), worlds best tourist country in eight consecutive years and also the Swedish Grand Travel Award 2010 (Tatnews, 2010). This research will expand concepts and benefits for the tourism industry especially in the World Heritage sites in Thailand. It will provide essential information, which will improve the services provided not only for international visitors but also for domestic tourists. However, the global crisis, the rising cost of gasoline and the instability of political sense in Thailand, all can be contributing to the decreasing the number of flights and visitors. These issues have become more challenging for the tourism industry in Thailand in its ability to compete with others, in particular, its neighbouring countries like Vietnam and Laos. Thailand Tourism Marketing Plan Rittchainuwat et al. (2001) state that it is difficult to get rid of a negative image but it is easier to increase tourists positive attitudes. The authorities that are directly in charge with the tourism industry such as the Thai government and Tourism authority of Thailand need to make an effort to create positive images through promotional strategies. In addition, Chon and Sigh (1994) also explained that the government should be attempting to change its tourist image by promoting the cultural, natural attractions and the inexpensive shopping in Thailand rather than its sexual attractions. However, a decline of tourist arrivals resulting from the global economic downturn, the 2009 flu pan epidemic and the instability of the internal political situation following the year of 2008 to 2010 have had a significant impact on the tourism industry as initially feared. According to Thailand Tourism Report (pr-inside, 2009), the number of international visitors has fallen down 3% from 14.58 million in 2008 to 14.4 million in 2009 and the total revenue also decreased by 2.8% in the year of 2009. Therefore, these situations have forced the Thai government to focus on stimulating demand and boosting exports in the travel industry. Therefore, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) expects the tourism sector to recover as soon as possible. In June 2010 the TAT has set a budget 1.6-billion-baht, with 600 million baht targeting domestic tourism and 1 billion baht for international markets (Bangkok Post, 2010). The tourism authority of Thailand (TAT) launched the marketing slogan Amazing Thailand for promoting Thailand internationally in 1997. Then in order to react to the tourism crisis in 2009, TAT then re-launched the slogan again as Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value (Tat news, 2009). Thus, this program will help to increase the countrys tourist image and stimulate the number of tourists in order to stop the downturn of the tourism industry in Thailand. 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives Research Aim Since the tourism industry is a very important sector for generating huge revenue for Thailand, it is necessary to determine the relationship between visitors perception of Thailand and the image of Thailand as a country. Therefore, in this research we will examine Thailands image, which will affect the travellers destination choice. Moreover, this study will also step forward by examining the perception of tourists concerning the World Heritage sites as one of their destinations. Thus, the result of this study will be to obtain a suitable strategy in order to meet tourists expectations for their future journeys to Thailand. The research objectives can be defined as: Research Objectives The main research objective is to determine what Tourists perception of Thailand is. This research study also examines the travel characteristics, what tourists are expecting when they are going to Thailand and the socio-demographic characteristics, which affect the destination choice prior to visiting a heritage site. Moreover, the research will examine whether the concept of heritage tourism is popular among the tourists. It also profiles tourists who travel to Thailand, discussing their reasons for travelling and particularly, on a socio-demographic level. The findings will identify a key element, i.e. the major motivation and socio-demographic differences involved between the heritage tourists and other activity participation groups in order to understand consumers travel perception and choice of destination. Subsequently, this will be essential data to develop appropriate marketing strategies to generate greater benefit for the tourism industry and the World Heritage sites in Th ailand. 1.3 Value of the study A lot of research is conducted in the study on the perception of visitors, concerning the attributes of the destination. There are rarely studies of literature on tourism regarding heritage sites, particularly in Thailand This research will be helpful for the tourism sector and marketers to gain a better understanding of the visitors particularly in Thailand. It also can help to develop strategies, which will help the Tourism industry in a long business growth. 1.4 Organisation of the study This study is divided into six main parts, which will be explained as follows. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides an introduction to the current study. It is explaining the importance of the research aims and research objectives. A background of the topic, some of the previous research conducted and the value of this research will be contained in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature Review The second important part is a literature review. This chapter will provide a better understanding about the topic. Moreover, this chapter will give detail and show the development of the research, which has been gathered for the topic. This information will help to clarify and construct this research, which then leads to the research model and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 3: Conceptual Development and Hypothesis formulation The third chapter is based on the literature review, which will be included in the conceptual model for this project. In addition, the formulation of hypothesis will also be explained. Chapter 4: Research Design and Methodology This chapter will give details on how the research is designed and how methodology will be used in order to carry out the research in its entirety. Chapter 5: Results and Analysis The result and analysis chapter will discuss the findings and results after conducting statistical analysis by using the statistical tool SPSS program. The results will be shown, analysed and discussed in this stage. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Implication The last chapter includes the discussions and implication of the study. The limitation of the study, further study and conclusion for the entire piece of research will also be included in chapter six. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter is aiming to give an overview of related theories and perceptions that affect to tourism industry. The review also includes the concept of beneficial image, the image of Thailand and heritage tourism and it also provides a concept which previously has been developed by different researchers who were undertaking the research study with a similar approach. 2.2 How Perception Affects Tourism The term perception of the tourism industry generally can be viewed in two ways. The first one is the mental image created by marketing and media. Another way of perceiving it can be developed by the consumers. In general, the destination will market itself as much as possible in order to persuade the traveller to buy a trip there (Tuohino, 2002 cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Travellers go to the destination in order to consume the products, services and experiences offered to them. Travellers will form their perceptions related to their expectations, which are based on their former experiences, friends, the internet, marketing and information from travel agencies (Kotler, Bowen Markens, 2006). Thus, if the products or services at that particular destination exceed the travellers expectations, it means that they are satisfied. On the other hand, travellers are dissatisfied when their expectations are not met (Mcdowall, 2010). According to Crompton (1979), people travel for four different reasons: personal business travel; corporate business travel; visiting relatives and friends or for pleasure. Therefore, tourists have stereotypical images and different perceptions of travel locations, so it is important for tourism marketers to promote the destination image in a way that will increase the number of tourists (Sirgy Su, 2000). Moreover, the individuals cultural belonging and heritage does not only affect the way people experience and interpret the products and services supplied to them, but it also influences their decision making in regard to choices of vacations and destinations. Furthermore, customers have different perceptions and individual needs, which hold different values to a destination. The collection of customer information is a way to discover the customer needs and their values. Thus, customers benefit the destination through their tastes and preferences, which can directly contribute to ma rketing new products and services in tourism industry (Reportforu, 2010). Fakeye and Crompton (1991), has outlined the tourists image formation process (see Figure 1). It is clear to see from this Figure that the consumers organic images and the induced image of tourist destinations can be obtained from elsewhere, i.e. literature, friends or relatives. These messages play a significant role in influencing the evaluation of alternative travel destinations and finally in making a decision about the destination they will visit (cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Hu Ritchi (1993) stated that the more tourists think that the destination will satisfy their vacation desires, the more likely the visitors will choose the destination. Figure 1: Faye and Cromptons Tourists Image Formation Process (Tuohino, 2002). 2.3 Conceptualisation of beneficial image It was described by the previous study on destination image that a destinations image could contribute to the destination-making process. During this process, travellers build a destination image based on the informative and persuasive information obtained from friends, news and travel agencies (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thus, an effective destination image strategy will be very important in order to make the particular destination stand out from other countries. Crompton (1979) states that not all images can influence the travellers decision-making process. The research examines the relationships between the attributes of a destination and the decision-making process of tourists. Therefore, understanding the evaluation of the characteristic image related to destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Moreover, Kotler and Barich (1991) state that the consumer will form an image based on the benefit or value that they expect to get from those products or services. Sheth, Newman, and Gross (1991) suggested that marketing choice behaviour is a multidimensional phenomenon involving multiple values: functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional (see Appendix 1). The study also states that these seven important factors are influencing market choice behaviour. Based on the theory and marketing image concept, the beneficial image model was developed by Tappachai and Waryszak as shown below. Figure 2: Beneficial image model (Tapachai Waryszak, 2000) Figure 2 shows traveller consumption values that are in the beneficial image model. These five consumption values include the functional characteristics of the destinations, Social perception about the destination, the emotions of the traveller in connection to the destination, (epistemic) of the destination meaning that the traveller can gain new experiences from the destination and conditional such as the accessibility to other countries. (Tapachai Waryzak, 2000, cited from Henkel et al, 2006). By using Thailand as an example to describe the model above, Thailands functional values are the bargain shopping, the variety of food and the beautiful scenery. The social result is a destination that is suitable for all ages of people. The emotional value is that it is a place to relax and unwind. An epistemic value is that Thailands culture is beautiful and finally the conditional value is mainly about the location, the traveller can easily gain access to other countries. According to Echtner Ritchie (1993), the destination image refers to the attributes base or holistic (imagery), with each component containing functional (tangible) or psychological (intangible or abstract) characteristics ( Echtner Ritchie, 1993). The attributes perspectives include tourists perceptions through the characteristics of the vacation destination such as beautiful architecture and buildings, numerous cultural, historical attractions and psychological characteristics like a safe place to visit and also friendly people. Moreover, the holistic perspective of the destination relates to the destinations image in terms of physical characteristics such as beaches, mountains, likewise the psychological characteristics are the destinations atmosphere or mood (Echtner Ritchie, 1993 cited from Henkel et al). Rod Davies (2003) explained that every destination has its own brand image. Also, factors like cost and convenience play an important role in decision-making about the destination. However, the strongest influence and motivator is the image of the tourism destination (Davies, 2003). Therefore, images are the brand identity, which tourists can perceive. In addition, images can both increase and decrease the selection of the destination by the traveller (Henkel et al). However, Bigne et al. (2001) argued that image does not only influence the destination choice, but it also has an influence on the evaluation of the destination after the vacation. It can be clear whether or not the traveller will return to the destination (Bigne et al, 2001 cited from Henkel et al). Moreover, a high positive image of one particular destination means that it is more likely to be chosen by the tourist in the process of decision-making (Echtner Ritchie, 1993). In conclusion, image plays an important role in tourist satisfaction and the preconceived image of the destination will influence the tourists decision on their vacation destination. 2.4 The image of Thailand Destination image can be both positive and negative, if two destinations are offering almost the same characteristics for the travellers perception. Therefore, the more positive the image is of a destination, the more likely that the traveller will go there (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thailand is not only a land of smile as a result of the friendly people and the safety of the place, but also as a result of its cultural, natural and historical attractions. Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asia, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonably priced place with beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conducted a study about the beneficial image characteristics of Thailand and grouped the results, showing that the functional attributes are the cheap shopping, variety of food, friendly people and historical sites as well as the epistemic attribute of experiencing the rich culture (Henkel et al, 2006). Furthermore, the research between Tourism Authority in Thailand (TAT) and Siam University showed the result that there was a positive image of its being seen as a natural and historical travel destination (Henkel et al., 2006). This positive image can be reflected by its being an award winnin g destination from the perspectives of different countries. For example, International Tourisms Bourse Berlin (ITB), awarded Thailand the four go Asia Awards honouring the best service providers for travel to Asia in 2010. The Swedish grand travel award has ranked Thailand as the World Best Tourist Country. However, Thailand has also suffered from a negative image because of prostitution and pollution, which led to the decline of tourist attractions (Rittichainuwat et al., 2001). Prideaux et al (2004) has also stated that the image of Thailand is one of it being an erotic destination. In addition, the image of Thailand was also related to international news coverage being described as a place of prostitution. These negative images can, obviously, affect visitors and might make them not want to visit Thailand. This also leads to the cause of some health and moral issues in Thailand (Henkel et al., 2001). However, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) never promotes Thailand as a sex tourism destination (Prideaux et al., 2004). Suwanmolis study about international media coverage of prostitution in Thailand, revealed that foreign reporters usually report the negative side such AIDS and prostitution because this kind of news very easily gets attention from public. Moreover, Suwanmoli expl ained that there are a high number of as many as 2.8 million prostitutes working in Thailand (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Therefore, the governments concern over this issue should be to minimize the pandemic diseases and prostitution. Alternatively, the Thai government must actively seek to reduce these negative images such as sex tourism, by positive image marketing of other tourism products and by trying to decrease the illegal activities such as prostitution within the country (Henkel et al, 2006). Finally, Thailands image has suffered from a decline of tourist attractions, pollution, traffic jams, a lack of new tourist attractions and the image of sex tourism. Additionally, Ahmed states, once a negative image is established in the minds of potential travellers, even a full range of marketing activities cannot entirely reverse it. Thus, Marketers can do little to eliminate the negative image. In contrast, marketers can offset the negative perception by creating positive images through promotional strategies, including advertising, arranging events, and hosting international conventions and exhibitions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). 2.5 Heritage Tourism The vast majority of literature on heritage, apart from the philosophical and intellectual, has concerned itself with heritage tourism, a sector that has grown globally and also created the revenue and employment for undeveloped countries (Misiura, 2006). The World Tourism Organisation (1992) defines heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history, human heritage, arts, philosophy and intuitions of another region or country (Laws Pan, 2004). Moreover, Rowan and Baram (2004) describe heritage tourism as a consumerist phenomenon and hence the marketing of this phenomenon is bound to be driven by capitalist tendencies. (cited from Chabra, 2009). Thus, the core of heritage marketing is to find out what the customer wants and to deliver it. Particularly, in relation to built environment, i.e., the marketing activity should be designed to stimulate demand and to satisfy the customer but not to the detriment of that which needs to be preserved for future generations (Misiura, 2006, p.2). Yale (1991), explains that heritage tourism is centred on what we inherited, from historic buildings, to art works, to beautiful scenery. Ashworths (2000) defined the commodification and the past in heritage tourism as that which is based on the commoditized, buildings, memories and experiences of the past (cited from Grace Yan et al). From a demand aspect, heritage tourism is about finding something, which is linked between the present and the past and the travellers emotional experiences (Richards 1997 and Prentice 1993). However, Poria et al. (2001) argued that the relationship of heritage tourism should be based on the individual and the heritage presented rather than on specific site attributes. In addition, they described heritage tourism as a subgroup of tourism, in which the main motivation for visiting a site is based on the places heritage characteristics according to tourists perception of their own heritage (Poria et al., 2001, p. 1048). Also, in order to combine both sup ply and demand in that heritage tourism relies on the strength of both the push and pull factors of the resources located in the area in order to appeal to the potential tourists (Apostolakis (2003, p. 800) Cited from Grace Yan et al). Heritage visitors, try to find the different benefits from trips. Poria et al. (2004) pointed out that the reasons for visiting heritage sites for travellers can be grouped into three categories which are under the headings of heritage experience, learning. These explain that there are people who are emotionally involved with a sense of belonging to the site. In contrast, for some tourists, heritage tourism is more than an educational or recreational experience. Something further suggested by Martin et al. (2004, p.131), is that determining the potential of heritage tourism and the possible impact and the marketing direction needed to attract these visitors will be less speculative if the nature of the tourist is better understood. World Heritage is the programme administered by the UNESCO, the programme aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity and to raise awareness of how to maintain the sites to last for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). In Thailand, there are The World Heritage sites of Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaengphet provinces. It is the rich heritage and magnificent architecture that make them World Heritage sites that are listed in 1991 by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1992). Therefore, the marketing of heritage, especially heritage tourism will help to serve the products and services to customers related to those World heritage sites in Thailand. It can be seen that strategic planning has been used within many organizations. In order to be successful, travel and tourism industries must not only understand who the customers are but also know how to market them in order to satisfy the needs of their customers. In addition, tourism organisations should identify groups of customers with homogeneous characteristics and behaviours and try to adapt their offers to the unique needs and desires of the segment members. Heritage marketing, therefore, is both management philosophy and a set of business techniques. It is very important to recognise that the management of tourism will be ineffective without an understanding of the way tourists make decisions and act in relation to the consumption of tourism products. This research not only provides an opportunity for people to fulfil their individual needs, but to exceed their expectations and ensure that it brings benefits to the World Heritage sites in Thailand (Reportforu, 2010). 2.6 Conclusion The literature reviewed has provided general information about the perception of the tourists through the image of Thailand and Thailands image dimensions. However, the review has also identified both positive and negative imaging, which affects the tourists destination choice. It is worth noting that the concepts described in previous articles, journals and text book, are pertaining and believed to have a direct effect on to the research model which is proposed in the current investigation. Therefore, the proposed research model and hypotheses formulation will be discussed in the following chapter. 3. Conceptual Development and Hypothesis formulation 3.1 Introduction This conceptual development and hypothesis chapter aims to clarify the relationship between offering destination characteristics and the perception of the traveller through the image of Thailand toward its heritage sites. Moreover, the study will define whether particular perception will have a relationship with the decision-making of the traveller as to the choice of destination. This research will provide the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) with an understanding of how the perception of tourists will affect the destination. Therefore, the TAT can be able to launch alternative promotion strategies for particular destinations that need to be considered. Therefore, the research model and formulation of hypothesis that are results from the literature review in chapter two will be explained as seen below in order to maintain these sites for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). 3.2 Research Framework How tourists go about choosing their destination, the relationship of independent variable, factors like offering characteristics and tourist perception through Thailands image and the effect this has on the travellers destination choice. Also, the moderator variables such as demographic are used to determine the effect on tourist destination choice. Therefore, the research model has been constructed as shown below. Research Model Research Questions: H1: There is a significant relationship between offering characteristics and the destinations chosen in Thailand H2: There is a significant relationship between tourists perception of Thailands image and the destination choices. H3: There is a significant correlation with the demographics of tourists in relation to the destination choices? 3.3 Hypothesis Formulation According to the research model and existing hypotheses in the literature review that were formulated and clarified. Later, the hypotheses will be tested for the significant relationships under analysis. 3.3.1 Construct 1: How does the fact the trip offers characteristics have an effect the destination chosen? RQ1: What important characteristics are travellers expecting on their trip when visiting Thailand? H1 : There is a significant relationship between the offering of characteristics and the destinations chosen in Thailand A traveller goes to the destination in order to consume the products, services and experiences that that particular destination offers. Travellers will form their experience related to their expectations, which are based on their former experiences, friends, the Internet, marketing and information from travel agencies (Kotkew, Bowen Markens, 2006). In addition, the study of Crompton (1979) states that not all images can influence the travellers decision-making process. The research examines the relationship between the attributes of a destination and the decision-making process of tourists. Therefore, understanding the link between the destinations characteristic related to the destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Thus, this research will discover the relationship between offering characteristics and destination choices. 3.3.2 Construct 2: What are tourists perceptions through the images presented of Thailand? RQ2: What are tourists perceptions through the images presented of Thailand? H2 : There is a significant relationship between tourists perceptions of Thailands image and destination choice. The second major hypothesis is about the image perceived by visitors when making choices about a destination to visit within Thailand. Destination image can be both positive and negative, if two destinations are almost offering the same characteristics. Therefore, the more positive the image is of a destination, the more likely that traveller will go there (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asia, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonably priced place with beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conducted a study about the beneficial image characteristics of Thailand and grouped the results, the research showed the attributes as the cheap shopping, the variety of food, the friendly people and historical sites as well as the epistemic attribute of having a chance to experience Thailands rich culture (Henkel et al, 2006). However, Thailand also has a negative image because of

Ergonomics Essay -- essays research papers

What is ergonomics? Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. When there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders can result. Workers who must repeat the same motion throughout their workday, work in an awkward position use a great deal of force to perform, repeatedly lift heavy objects or face a combination of these risk factors are most likely to develop work-related musculoskeletal disorders. In this report, I will outline the main factors in having a safe workstation. There are certain ways in which you may choose an ergonomically correct chair. Does the seat feel comfortable and fit your shape? When you sit in the chair the seat should be at least one inch wider than your hips and thighs on either side. The seat should not be too long for your legs otherwise it will catch you behind the knees or it will prevent you from leaning fully back. Most ergonomic chairs have a seat with a front that prevents the seat from catching you behind the knees. The seat should also be contoured to allow even weight distribution and it should be comfortable to sit on. Is the seat chair height adjustable? The chair should be adjustable so that you can adjust seat height while you are sitting on the chair. Some chairs have a mechanical height adjustment (spinning) mechanism. Does the chair have a comfortable lower back rest? Many chairs have cushioned lower back supports that can be adjusted up and down and forwards and backwards to fit your shape. If the chair has a fixed height lower back support and it feels comfortable when you sit back against this then a fixed lower back support may be acceptable. When you sit back against the lower back support is there space for hips? Insufficient hip room can make you sit too far forwards on the seat so that you will not have enough thigh support. Does the seat still feel comfortable after you've been sitting in it for 30 - 60 minutes? If the seat is made from foam then continuous use can cause it to become deformed and then it will not provide cushioned support. Insufficient cushioning and inappropriate contouring can cause discomfort and hip and back fatigue. Is the tilt of the seat adjustable? In some situations it can be helpful to change the tilt of the seat pan to help to maintain a healthy seated postu... ...rved away from any contact surface. The forearm is shaped liked this for the wrist to remain free of surface pressure. Avoid restricting circulation - For many people there are exposed blood vessels near the skin at the wrist, which is where the pulse is often taken. Any pressure in this region will disrupt circulation into the hand and this will increase the risks of injury. Avoid Restricting Arm Movement - with a softly padded wrist rest, especially one that is rounded, or a soft chair arm rest the forearm becomes locked into position and this encourages people to make mouse movements by flicking the wrist, which also increases pressure. Choose a mouse design that fits your hand but is as flat as possible to reduce wrist extension. Don't use a curved mouse. Use a symmetrically shaped mouse. Consider a larger mouse, such as the Whale mouse, that encourage arm rather than wrist movements. The body was designed to perform a variety of tasks while actively using muscles. Sustained muscle activity robs the muscles of life giving blood flow. It is very important to actively stretch during breaks to flush out toxins that build up in the muscles that were used for sustained posture.