SAT Superscore vs Score Choice Whats the Difference

SAT Superscore versus Score Choice What's the Difference SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may realize that the SAT offers both Superscoring and Score Choice, yet do you realize what isolates the two? Much like a couple of uniquely seasoned yet similarly flavorful gelatos, every one advantages you, yet in marginally various ways. In this article I will quickly go over what Superscoring and Score Choice involve and mention to you what isolates one from the other. What Is Superscoring? Superscoring is the thing that numerous collegesdo with the SAT scores you submit with your application.They take a gander at all the SAT scores you send,take your most elevated score from each test area, and consolidate those high scores from various test dates into a most elevated conceivable composite score or superscore. The model underneath exhibits how superscoring functions on the off chance that you decide to submit results from three distinctive test dates. According to universities that superscore, this understudy has an ideal score since the person figured out how to get a 800 on each area at any rate once. Basic Reading Arithmetic Composing Complete Score Test 1 800 740 750 2290 Test 2 780 800 700 2280 Test 3 750 750 800 2300 Superscore 800 800 800 2400 Superscoring benefits schools since it places them higher up in the rankings for normal SAT scores of conceded understudies. It additionally benefits you since you get acknowledgment for your best scores from each segment regardless of whether they occurred at various occasions as opposed to being left with a composite score from one test. What Is Score Choice? Score decision is something that you'll have to consider before sending scores to universities. It just meansyou can choose which SAT scores to send and which not to send. In the event that you decide to send SAT scores from a specific test date, you can't single out which segments to send - it's everything or nothing.You'll have a decision of which test dates you need to send on account of the standard SAT and your decision of which individual tests you need to send on account of SAT subject tests. Most schools permit Score Choice, yet some don’t, including Yale and Stanford. Ensure you check the sites of schools where you're applying to confirm that they permit Score Choice. Please Yale, everybody knows you're not in Europe. Quit making a decent attempt. What Are the Important Differences Between Superscoring and Score Choice? You versus Universities With Score Choice, you're settling on a decision about which scores to send. The scores from test dates you decide not to send will never be seen by universities that permit Score Choice.Only the scores you decide to send will be qualified for Superscoring by schools that permit Score Choice. A few schools expect you to send every one of your scores (no Score Choice) yet in addition use Superscoring, so they will even now just consider your best scores.Superscoring is something that you don’t need to stress over legitimately in light of the fact that schools do it consequently after you send your scores.It is, in any case, something that you should think about when reading for and choosing when to take the SAT (more on this later). Entire SATs versus Subscores On the off chance that you use Score Choice to send your SAT scores from a specific test date,you need to send the entirety of the segment scores - you can’t carefully choose which ones you need universities to see. On account of Superscoring, be that as it may, the general purpose is for universities to remove your best individual area scores to make the best all out score possible.Score Choice is the main channel that scores go through in their composite structure. At that point, schools thatsuperscore will pick the most noteworthy subscores from the SATs you send themto make your best score from odds and ends of a few distinct tests. I don't get This' meaning for You? It implies that on the off chance that you didn’t do just as you trusted on one SAT, it’s not the finish of the world.In most cases, you can decide not to send that score to universities through Score Choice. Regardless of whether you do need to send it, you'll presumably additionally send better scores from other test dates. The lower scores won’t even be considered by most schools in the event that they use Superscoring. Here are a few different ways you may adjust your SAT procedure dependent on Score Choice and Superscoring: Practice Specific Studying Universities that superscore will choose your best area scores, which implies you canfocus your concentrating exclusively on one segment for a given test date.If you previously took the SAT once and are happy with your score on one segment however need to raise the subsequent score, you can concentrate your concentrating altogether on the more vulnerable segment as you plan for the following test date. You don’t need to stress over accomplishing a score that is the equivalent or higher than your past score on the other segment on the grounds that the most noteworthy scores for each segment are the main ones that check. Don’t go over the edge and leave segments of the test you've just vanquished clear, yet you can feel loosened up realizing thatit's not generally important to go for your best composite score. You can simply concentrate on getting your best score for a specific area! Step through the Examination More than Once This is something we advocate in any case, yet realizing that Score Choice and Superscoring exist includes an extra incentive.Even in the event that you don’t concentrate much starting with one test then onto the next, your scores are probably going to increment somewhat. You can pick which tests to send with Score Choice, and universities will utilize your most elevated subscores from those tests with Superscoring. That meanstaking the SAT in any event a few times is to your greatest advantage. The main SAT scores that check, with the assistance of our old buddies Score Choice and Superscoring! Outline Superscoring and Score Choice are two administrations that permit you to show universities just your best SAT scores. Score Choice methods you can choose which composite scores to send to universities. In the event that you stepped through the exam on three dates, you could decide to possibly send two of them in the event that one score was a ton lower. Schools at that point execute Superscoring, taking your best subscores from each area of the SAT and consolidating them to make your most elevated conceivable composite score. Superscoring and Score Choice imply that you have a motivating force to take the SAT more than once and to read for explicit areas so you'll have the option to amplify your outcomes. Together, Superscoring and Score Choice make the SAT only somewhat less upsetting! What's Next? Peruse this article to get familiar with how SAT Superscoring causes you. Look at these articles in case you're attempting to make sense of whether to take the SAT again or simply need to know how often you should take it all in all. On the off chance that you don't have a clue about your objective score yet, utilize this manual for make sense of it so you can kick your concentrating off! Frustrated with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the best 5 procedures you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Laukemia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Laukemia - Term Paper Example This factor doesn't help the ordinary platelets to do their work. Leukemia starts in the bone marrow and later spreads all through the body. Generally, a bone marrow test is completed to distinguish leukemia. The two grown-ups and kids can build up this infection. â€Å"Although leukemia frequently is believed to be a youth infection, truth be told, the ailment strikes 10 fold the number of grown-ups as children.† (Leukemia Facts and Figures, n.d.) Though careful purpose behind an individual to create leukemia isn't known, numerous noteworthy clinical preliminaries have been done on the advancement of Leukemia. Consistently, around 250,000 individuals are being recognized to have created leukemia and more than 200,000 of them pass on (Vogt, 2010). The treatment techniques for this ailment are medical procedure, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone treatment. In spite of the fact that there are numerous tests to analyze leukemia, the finding itself might be deferred because of post poned manifestations or indications which take after different conditions. The determination of leukemia may fluctuate as indicated by the sort of leukemia that has created in an individual. Measurements state that â€Å"in the United States around 2,000 youngsters and 27,000 grown-ups are determined every year to have leukemia† (Leukemia Information, 2011). Endurance rates have expanded extensively in the prior years because of enhancements in treatment. Side effects of this malady may not be recognizable ordinarily, especially in incessant leukemia, however individuals may get side effects like tiredness, puzzling weight reduction, and fever on occasion. Different manifestations of leukemia like cerebral pains, joint agony, and torment in the gut because of amplified spleen may likewise be taken note. Sorts of Leukemia has been isolated into different gatherings. Leukemia is a term covering four types of illnesses of the blood and bone marrow. These incorporate â€Å"acute lymphocytic leukemia and intense myelogenous leukemia†. These two kinds of leukemia progress quickly while the other two sorts, â€Å"the ceaseless lymphocytic leukemia and interminable myelogenous leukemia, progress slowly† (Leukemia, n.d.). Intense leukemia represents quick increment of juvenile platelets. Moment and important treatment is required in intense leukemia because of this quick turn of events and development of the anomalous cells. The intense type of leukemia is generally normal in kids. Interminable leukemia is found in those that progress moderately moderate when contrasted with intense structures. The constant leukemia cells are strange white platelets that take numerous months or years to advance. The cells are created considerably more in number than typical cells. Incessant leukemia is observed for a specific measure of time before introducing treatment in order to ensure the greatest value of treatment. This type of leukemia is all the more regula rly found in old individuals however happens in any age. Leukemia is additionally isolated into different kinds (What is Leukemia? What causes Leukemia, 2009): 1. Intense lymphocytic leukemia: This type of leukemia is progressively regular in small kids. This sickness is likewise found in more seasoned individuals who are 65 years or more. The standard treatment for this sort would be chemotherapy and radiation. The pace of endurance is 85% in youngsters and half in grown-ups. 2. Constant lymphocytic leukemia: This is most regularly found in grown-ups more than 55 years old. This sort is rarely found in kids. The pace of endurance is five years and is found in grown-ups. It isn't treatable. 3. Intense myelogenous leukemia: This structure is more effectively found in grown-ups than youngsters and in men than ladies.

The Effects of Smoking Cigarettes - Free Essay Example

Smoking cigarettes has been one of the most popular addictions in the world that continues to get worse every day. Cigarettes contain thousands of toxins like tar and formaldehyde, but people still choose to smoke them and give their money to companies that benefit off their ill health. The addiction to the nicotine in cigarettes has such a hold on some people that they choose to ignore the harm they are doing to their bodies. Research continues to be done about what cigarette smoke does to the human body and all of them show negative effects. Smoking cigarettes most commonly has major effects on the human heart, lungs, and reproductive organs. It does not matter how many cigarettes an individual smokes a day because each time the smoke is inhaled they are damaging major organs in their body, like the heart. Smoking cigarettes increases a person’s chance of getting many diseases and cardiovascular disease is one of them. West and Shiffman (2007) explained in their book, â€Å"This probably reflects the acute increase in risk of myocardial infarction on inhalation of smoke particles, independent of the length of the smoking history; the remainder of the excess risk arises from long-term damage to the vascular system† (Fast Fact: Smoking Cessation, p. 31). All these factors play into the risk of heart problems in a smoker’s future, but they are ignored when the addiction starts to play in. Each time a smoker inhales the toxic chemicals that make up a cigarette, they are damaging the inner lining of their heart and this increases the risk of them having a heart attack. Cigarettes cause the heart to race an d the long-term affect of this can lead to strokes due to blood clots. The lungs are also severely damaged when cigarette smoke is inhaled. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a result of smoking cigarettes and prolonged use leads to even worse symptoms. The two forms of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both make it very hard to breathe and lead to death if the smoker is not serious about quitting the habit of smoking. West and Shiffman (2007) also explained, â€Å"In both cases, the smoker finds that he or she becomes breathless with the slightest exertion, and, as the disease progresses, the smoker experiences ‘exacerbations’ – bouts of serious respiratory distress in which breathing becomes extremely difficult† (Fast Fact: Smoking Cessation, p. 33). Quitting is the only option when a smoker has COPD and doctor visits of routine tests to make sure lung function increases. Lastly, smoking cigarettes can cause damage to both a man and woman’s reproductive organs. When a man smokes, his sperm count decreases. When a woman who smokes before or during pregnancy, it makes it harder for her reproductive organs to work right. This may lead to a miscarriage or a successful pregnancy with health problems for the infant later in life. The authors of a different book about smoking cigarettes state, â€Å"Exposure to tobacco smoke both before and after birth has been irrefutably shown to cause Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in children of smokers† (The Price of Smoking (2004), p. 227). Other difficulties with smoking and reproduction include hormone instability and further difficulties with fertility even after quitting. The price that is paid to smoke cigarettes is not worth the health of the heart, lungs, and reproductive organs. Limiting the exposure to second hand smoke and cigarettes in general helps an individual’s health so much, but that is always easier for someone who does not smoke to say. When it comes to quitting this terrible habit of smoking cigarettes, one must believe that the outcome of a healthy life is worth the short time of annoyance. Quitting the habit will make for a happier self and healthier body inside and out. ? Works Cited Sloan, F. A., Conover, C., Ostermann, J., Taylor, D. H. J. (2004). The price of smoking. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com West, R., Shiffman, S. (2007). Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.c

Essay Joseph Stalin - 3070 Words

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was one of the biggest mass murderers of the twentieth century. From the purges in the Red Army to forced relocations, Stalin had the blood of millions on his hands. This essay is not going to debate the fact that this was indeed a brutal and power hungry individual, because he was indeed just that. I will on the other hand show you that through his way of governing the Soviet Union, he actually saved mother Russia from the German invasion in World War Two through his cunning and ruthlessness. Joseph Stalin was a very industrious person and used every means possible to better prepare his country for the coming war that he believed was inevitable. Wether it was diplomatic plotting, economic maneuvering, or†¦show more content†¦E. Zinoviev and L. B. Kamenev. From this point on Stalin simply concentrated more and more power into his own hands. In 1925 Stalin made a turn to the right, got rid of his two companions and established a coalition with moderate leaders Burkharin, Rykov, and Tomsky, which lasted until 1928, when collectivization of agriculture and the forced industrialization came about. Stalin now followed a simple pattern, he simply systematically replaced all those who were not his absolute followers. By 1930 his rule was absolute. Stalin was now free to go ahead and pursue his plans to industrialize and arm the Soviet Union. The only other obstacle in his path was the army leadership. Stalin viewed the army as a threat to his power and took steps to remove that threat. He organized all of his followers to delve into the lives of the military leadership and find out if they were traitors. Many of Stalins followers used this as a way of getting back at old rivals and enemies. All kinds of false evidence was manufactured. Stalin took all of this at face value and a great number of the army leadership was either killed or exiled. There were also several show trials put on to demonstrate to the Soviet people that all of the killing was being done for a reason and that there really were conspirators and spies among them. Several accused openly confessed to active membe rship of a plot to murder the Soviet leadership. With the Army purges done, StalinShow MoreRelatedJoseph Stalin Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin’s Genocide: 50 Million Deaths From 1919 to 1953 when Stalin died about 50 million lives were taken in the Gulags of Russia (â€Å"Videofact†). In total there were 53 Gulags and 423 labor camps (â€Å"Gulag†).   Stalin was considered one of the most feared dictators because of his secret police and the Gulags. During a series of interviews in 1996, a Soviet veteran who lived in Minsk claimed to have seen a U.S. POW in May or June 1953. 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Stalin had many influences that led him to his Soviet Leadership in which gave him many admirers but even more non-supporters. At the age of 10, Joseph â€Å"Stalin† Djugashvili attended Gori’s religious elementary school. His mother, Yekaterina, wanted himRead MoreEssay on The life of Joseph Stalin554 Words   |  3 PagesThe life of Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin. One of the Russias most supreme leaders. But one of its most horrid as well. He brought them up while also letting them down. Some could say where would we be without him. But others wish they never were led by him. He went from nothing to the most powerful man in the now most powerful country. In the early years. He was first born Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili to a poor shoemaker of a father on December 21 1879. It was a small village calledRead MoreExecution By Hunger, By Joseph Stalin1081 Words   |  5 PagesExecution by Hunger 1. Collectivization was peasants being forced to give up their goods to the government. 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Contrastingly, Vladimir Putin has held power from 1999Read MoreEssay about Joseph Stalin2651 Words   |  11 PagesJoseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953, when he died. He was responsible for one of the most notable and devastating genocides, the Great Purge. His vicious reign took the lives of around 20-60 million people by his rigid and cruel treatment. Through his exploitation of the lower class and his manipulative abuse of power, Stalin created one of the worst examples of leadership in history. It takes an interesting character to be able to execute the cruelties displayed in hisRead MoreCharacteristics Of Joseph Stalin The Prince818 Words   |  4 PagesK History Honors/Block E 4 October 2017 Perfect Prince On December 21, 1879 (Editors, Biography.com) Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was born. He was later known as Joseph Stalin and he was one of the most powerful men in the world during the 19th century. According to Niccolo Machiavellis views in the book, The Prince, Stalin was the perfect prince, or in this case the perfect dictator . The Prince examines the traits that are needed to be a perfect leader. Traits such as being feared, butRead MoreJoseph Stalin Essay example1133 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Stalin, whose real name is Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, was born on December 21, 1879 in the small town of Gori, Georgia. His family was poor and he was the only child of four to survive. His father was a shoemaker. He was a heavy drinker and died from wounds in a brawl when Stalin was 11 years old. His mother was a pious and hardworking woman. She wanted her son to have a good life so she entered him into priesthood. He attended elementary school run by the Orthodox Chur ch and went

A Brief Biography of Louis Armstrong - 1376 Words

Advanced Placement United States History Born and raised in New Orleans, the melting pot of cultures, Louis Armstrong was by far one of the most influential and successful individuals during the 1900s. His fame and popularity grew astoundingly because of his trumpet playing and charisma. His skills not only attracted the attention of the general population, they also attracted the attention of the State Department. The State Department selected him along with a few other distinguished musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie, Duke Ellington, and Benny Goodman to be ambassadors of the United States. These musicians were chosen to travel to foreign countries in Africa, Europe and Asia to perform with the intent of promoting democracy. However this was a very controversial issue because the United States was still a Jim Crow Law nation at the time. Therefore the reason the State Department chose to use African-Americans as their ambassadors to pr omote democracy was morally reprehensible. Louis Armstrong was born on August 4th, 1901 in the city of New Orleans. However, there were complications with his birth certificate and he originally believed his birthday was the 4th of July, as â€Å"it was the custom for poor blacks to adopt an honorary date as their birthday – often Christmas, or New Year’s Day, or the Fourth of July.† The difficulties did not end there, he had a very difficult childhood because his father abandoned him rightShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Jazz Age1600 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald’s writings were influenced by his past military service. â€Å"Fitzgerald joined the army in 1917 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry. Convinced that he would die in the war, he rapidly wrote a novel, â€Å"The Romantic Egotist† (A Brief Life of Fitzgerald) Fitzgerald’s experiences in war, were shown through his literature. Another piece of literature affected by the times of the Jazz Age, w as Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises. The novel is about a young soldier, who returnedRead MoreA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz The piano has been a pivotal instrument throughout the development of jazz music. Starting with ragtime, which developed out of classical music, all the way to modern jazz the piano has been a foundational instrument upon which many styles have been built. This is a result of the versatility of the instrument, as it has the ability to play accompaniment, rhythm, and solo improvisation simultaneously. Throughout the course of jazz history many musicians haveRead MoreA Feminist Study of Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women5846 Words   |  24 Pages Chapter 2 Jo March: A Woman Ahead Of Her Times Jo March, one of the four sisters featured in Louis May Alcott’s novel Little Women, is often recognized as an extraordinary literary heroine. 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Neo-modernistRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagessubjective measure of the Wrst task into an implicit contract, he or she could reduce the distortionary eVect of the explicit contract and improve the eYciency of the agent’s actions. 38 BAIMAN 2.4 Conclusion In this chapter I have given a brief explanation of the contract theory model and a few examples of how it has been applied to managerial accounting issues. The examples indicate that contract theory analysis is well suited to analysing managerial accounting issues. The Wt comes fromRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesessential part of a strategic management course and is also perhaps the most entertaining part of such a course. The ‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. All the cases are about real companies, and one of the entertaining

Food, Inc. And The Food Industry Essay Example For Students

Food, Inc. And The Food Industry Essay When it comes to foods, not many consumer really know where their food come from or what the food processes are like. The generally public were told or assumed that the meat come from a farm or how the corn and wheat grow in a big open fields. This is true back in the day but slowly our society required more foods rapidly and because of that animals and crops have to be modify in some way to help meet the demand of foods in the market. In the film Food, Inc. it argues that what we have been eating is not a simple process of raising the animals, kill and cut them, then pack it up in a container and sell them to the public but rather a lots of smaller issues are involved in the process. Food, Inc. major claim for their film is that the food industry we have today is inhumane, and it lead to involving other issues such as science, political and social. The film supported their claim both visually and verbally by going out to places in the industries to asked questions and filmed everything on camera to show the truth behind it. The verbal claim they provided are talking to the peoples whose are professional in the agriculture field, but also to farmers and all the people who have been affected by the big food change companies. Alongside with their verbal claim, Food, Inc. also showed many visual claim by filming all the interviews with the peoples but also inside a farms or factories to show how they raise and slaughtered the animals. The film focuses on three smaller sub claims that being affected by the industries, the first one is scientifically. Their claim is that as consumer consume more foods, the scientist need to find a way to meet the demand by working on modifying foods. The most common food modification is to combine a. .re of chemicals but soon being sued by Monsanto Company. Or show scenes of illegal immigrants being captured using force to get into their house. The film’s objectives are to inform the general public the truth behind our foods. That we should know where our foods come from and not to supported the big companies by buying foods from the local farm market. Asking us to make the right choice before buying foods in the market, and be healthy. Food, Inc. effectively open my eyes on how our foods came to be and seeing the way they edit and including right style of arguments tools into the film help their arguments, but also make the audience feels many strong emotions while watching their film. Many of smaller issues were being raised in the film, and it is very important because it show how our food industries being regulated and how heavily the industries rely on it.

The Catholic Church Through The Eyes Of Geoffrey Chaucer Essays

The Catholic Church Through The Eyes of Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer uses some of the characters in the Canterbury Tales The Prologue in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales to point out his view of what was right and wrong within the Church during his time. He uses the Prioress, Monk, Friar, Summoner, and Pardoner to illustrate what he saw wrong within the Church. Chaucer uses the Clerk, Parson and the Plowman to illustrate the attributes the Church should possess. The Prioress is a nun who is probably equal to the rank of Mother Superior. She does not show the humility or dedication to God. Her compassion is shown towards animals. She makes sure her animals eat the best meats. She is more focused on natural love than agape love by the brooch she wears which says Love conquers all. She does not spend her time fasting because the author lets us know that she is fat. In correlation to the Church, the Prioress shows the Church's lack of dedication and humility towards God. The Church is more concerned with matters which do not deal with the deliverance of the human soul. Like the Prioress, the Monk does not walk in his calling. He is the monastery's outrider. This position allows him to roam the countryside at his will. Instead of being separate from the world, he is of the world. He loves to hunt and enjoys riding his horse. He does not value the teachings of his monastery because he feels they are somewhat strict. The Monk does not like to study. Why should he study, and drive himself mad, Over a book in a cloister always to pour, Or work with his hands, and labor, As St. Augustine bids? How shall the world be served? Let Augustine have his work to himself reserved (12-13). Chaucer sees the Church through the Monk as being more involved in its own affairs. The Church has gotten away from the basic Bible teachings and has instituted its own. Huburt, the Friar, like the Prioress and Monk, is not operating within his vocation. He does not spend time with the poor ministering to their phsyical needs as well as their spiritual needs. The Friar believes that because of his status he couild not spend time with these needy people. It was not fitting, considering his position, To be acquainted with sick lepers. It is not creditable, it holds no profit To deal with any such paupers (16). He spends time begging for donations from the rich farmers and other worthy women of the town. For a price he will hear confessions and give penance. He believes that ... instead of weeping and prayers, Men should give silver to the poor friars (15). This pilgram shows the Church being more concerned with the financial support for itself than the spiritual needs of the congregation. The Church has devised a way in which to collect money from it's members by promising them forgiveness with dollar signs attached to it. The Summoner is responsible for issuing summons for the Church to people who have violated Church doctrine. His position is interesting because he is handing out summons for people to appear before the Church when he himself is living in direct violation of Church doctrine. The Church seems to see what is wrong with everyone else but cannot focus on it's own violations of the doctrine taught in the Bible. The Pardoner is the most corrupt pilgram. He provides paper indulges for a price. These indulges are part of the scam the Pardoner is running. He also offers junk for sale which he says were relics of the saints. The Church has developed another mechanism for making money. It uses the selling of crosses, statues, and other trinkets which are supposed to remind us of what Christ has done for us. If these items were really to remind us of what Christ did for us they would be free, since Christ gave his life freely. The Clerk is the first pilgram Chaucer birngs into the script which has some godly attributes. He spends time in prayer and fasting because the narrator lets us know that he ...wasn't exactly fat, ...(19) and ...busily prayed for souls (20). He

Gladiator Essay Example

Gladiator Essay Example Gladiator Essay Gladiator Essay In the opening sequence of the Gladiator, the director, Ridley Scott uses a number of techniques to build excitement and capture the attention of the audience. In this essay I will analyse and review these techniques. The film was released in May of 2000 and had a budget of $100 million (US). This genre of movie is known as Sword and Sandal epics, which were a very popular style preceding World War II, but became less so when people decided that there were too many terrible things taking place in their own world and they did not want to see it in the movies. Other films such as Ben Hur and Spartacus created high standards for any successors, standards which Gladiator has fulfilled and added to.The director begins the movie with a variation on the well known Universal and Dreamworks logos. The normally blue logos have been placed under a yellow filter, giving the immediate impression that the movie must be quite influential in order to exact this change, creating anticipation for the outcome of the film. Also the use of this feature helps to add to the feeling that the story is set in a time which has passed us and will never come back, and creating a feeling of nostalgia. The director then presents the audience with information about the events preceding the beginning of the story, which is framed in a plain script and a smoky-yellow background. The director has created this scene in such a way, so as to not reveal any of the actual plot or storyline and is arguably just to entice the audience even more.The melodious voice of the Australian born Lisa Gerrard is a sweet relaxant and is used by the director to ease the audience into the next scene; an image of a hand brushing over wheat. There is the sound of a warm breeze blowing and children laughing and playing in the background, which adds to the aura of warmth given to the audience by the use of yellow filter on the camera.The director then creates the next scene in stark contrast with its predecessor and to create an understanding of the character, who appears as a silent, battle clad figure of General Maximus Decimus Meridius, framed by the dark Germanic mountainside (rather than the yellow wheat fields of the dream sequence). The director has now made use of a blue filter and this continues through the rest of the sequence and is completely contrasting to the warm yellow of the scene before. The wind is howling and suddenly the director shows us an image of a small robin looking at the man and fluttering away. The wing-beats are heavily accented to exaggerate the feeling of silence before a storm or the fact that Maximus is so in touch with the world around him that he hears every little sound, which, as we later find out, is a very important feature of his character and influences his decisions in all things.Upon first sighting of the character Maximus, the director aims to inspire a feel of awe and honour and has portrayed him thus in order to create an unmistakeable contrast betw een the character of Maximus and Commodus, heir to the throne. Maximus is a general in the army of Rome and although he has yet to set eyes upon the city, he places full allegiance in the hands of his emperor, the dying figure of Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris). Later on we discover that he was dreaming about his home and family, whom he had not seen since the start of his campaign. This fact adds to his aura of loyalty and shows us that unlike most figures of power, he is not entertained by thoughts of personal wealth and power, but rather than that by a code of honour and loyalty and above all else, a love for his family, which the director has used to capture the audiences emotion and create a love for Maximus. Seeing the robin makes him smile because it reminds him of home and possibly he sees it ironically; the robin leaving is the innocence leaving before the war, this also shows that he takes pleasure in the small things in life and is not just a general intent on winning, h e is also a normal person with a sense of humanity. The audience will like this aspect of his character and it will bring them closer to the character.In the next scene the director shows us how Maximus troops react to him. The director uses a low angle shot for this part of the sequence and this is a useful technique because it helps to emphasise that he is a figure to be revered and respected and that this is the way others see him. The camera moves along with Maximus and it is from this point of view that the audience is shown the way his troops think of him; as a friend rather than just a figure of authority. The use of this type of shot makes the audience feel that they are witnessing the event as a participant rather than someone with a detached outlook on the scene. The director has emphasised this by the fact that Maximus is walking among his men and greets certain individuals among them whom he has personal experience with, showing that he has shared in their trials.Music p lays a vast role in this sequence and there are three major types of music apparent; the use of a Spanish guitar, the lone voice of Lisa Gerrard and the energetic and fast paced music with a full accompaniment. The Spanish guitar is used when we first see Maximus and continues into the battle scene. It is very fast paced and energetic and helps to build up a feeling of expectance. It introduces a very Mediterranean feel to the movie and quickens the pace of the scene at the same time because it is almost a signal for the battle to start. From its slow trickle to the full on force of the orchestra, it provides an immense build up of energy and expectation, which is all spent as it returns to the slowed, blurred scene of the victory and the calming of hearts, taking the audiences expectation with it, giving a sense of melancholy back.During the battle scene, there is a full orchestra playing, giving a feeling of clashing and violence, as well as one of well-ordered chaos. The piece, c omposed by musician Hans Zimmer, was inspired by the Viennese Waltz and Gustav Holsts, Mars: Bringer of War and both play a huge part in the sequence. The militaristic percussions, strings, and brass accents are some of the more typical elements of music found in Zimmers composition, and they combat desperately with what elements are left of the actual waltz, adding to the whole effect of battle and clashing.A chief aspect in the more supernatural side of the movie was the lone voice of Lisa Gerrard, with her soothing voice adding a Middle-Eastern feel to the movie. Her touch compliments the elements of the Elysium fields during the dream sequence and that of Maximus family that Ridley Scott has incorporated into the film. The skill photography, time lapse, and slow motion effects, allow the audience to be transported into the fields of Elysium and experience at full of such a powerful voice at work.Another key aspect to the sequence is the constant use of contrasts; they are used t o show emphasis on certain events and to help us understand what is taking place in the scene. The first major contrast shown to us is that of the dream sequence in the wheat fields and the first image of the battlefield. The dream sequence is very calm and peaceful and has been shot under a yellow filter. There is the sound of a lone womans voice and of children playing. The wind has also been made audible but it is in the form of a warm breeze and the director conveys an overall sense of warmth in this scene. In direct contrast with this is the battlefield scene; set in the dark Germanic mountainside, with a howling wind in the background. The scene is now under a blue filter and is cold and hard in comparison to the original scene. Even the characters are in contrast in this part as in the former scene there is a caressing hand, running over the wheat crops, clad in normal clothing whereas in the latter, an armour clad warrior. Another example of contrast is between the organisat ion of the Roman army and the mass gathering that is the German Horde. The Roman army seems to be very command driven and restrained, in waiting for the actual battle whereas the Germans are a disorganised rabble, who can barely restrain themselves and will do whatever they want, once released they will just charge with no thought for the consequences. This is meant to reflect the difference between Rome and its enemies, portraying Rome as The Light and its enemies as inferior. The constant use of contrast helps our understanding of how Rome was portrayed and show innocence compared to barbarity and order compared to disorder.During the battle Ridley Scott has created a distinct lack of dialogue between the characters, and when there is speech, it is used to advance the scene. There is one monologue as Maximus communicates with them regiment before the battle and he tries to inspire his cavalry ending with, What we do now echoes in eternity. From then on, the whole scene becomes gra phic and in a way this is more descriptive than it would have actually been with the use of dialogue.The director uses heavily exaggerated sounds during the battle scene as this helps to add to the all-encompassing effect of war. The galloping of the horses hooves upon the battlefield is one of these examples and makes the enemy turn and notice it because it is so loud, and this shows the audience the sheer scale of the Roman army. Another sound that was heavily exaggerated was the constant firing of flaming arrows whistling through the air, seemingly ceaseless giving a feeling of lost hope for the German army and in a way for Romes humanity. Also, the exploding fireball is a sudden burst of energy into what seems a dull landscape, charging the battle with more tension and excitement and reviving the energy of the scene.Another feature of the opening sequence is that it prepares us for future events in the film through symbolism. The dog that accompanies Maximus into the battle is s ymbolic of his loyalty to his family and emperor as dogs are widely known for their loyalty and this is noticeable in the fact that he dedicates his whole life to avenge the death of his family and emperor at any personal cost. The dialogue used by Maximus in this scene is also repeated later in the movie when he is a gladiator, and uses his skills to defeat his enemies. There is also the reoccurring event of him rubbing dirt on his hands before each battle, this is symbolic of his farming roots.In conclusion I think that the director did very well building up excitement as the scenes were filed with tension and expectation and this in coupling with the astounding musical abilities of Hans Zimmer brought Gladiator to what it is now. The film was so successful because it reflects a blood and glorious past, which we humans created and grew from, and how the grip of love reaches past all barriers to people. Overall I think that the director was very successful in the creation of this s cene and the whole opening sequence entices us to want more.

Biodegradable Plastics Essay Example for Free

Biodegradable Plastics Essay The properties of plastics are determined by the polymers that constitute the unit. Based on this, plastics can be modified into biodegradable products by varying the constituents synthetically. Their chemical structures vary due to the substituting polyesters in the polymer chain. Let’s study about the chemical differences and structure of green plastics; PHA and PLA. Amylose and Amylopectin are the major polymer components of starch. In the link structure, all identical chain points are connected to –CH2OH group. The oxygen in the ring structure chain facilitates degradation when reacted with water. Any hybrid variety can be produced with two components: renewable natural polymer (starch) and petroleum based synthetic polymer (PCL). †¢ Polylactide (PLA) is a bioplastic basically made from starch, the basic building material. Here lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) is produced through fermentation where microorganisms convert sugar feedstock into lactic acid. The lactic acid thus isolated is depolymerized to lactide and by Ring-opening polymerization with catalysts it is converted into Polylactide polymer of high molecular weight. Based on the particle size, the rate of biodegradability and transparency varies. They find use in soluble fibers, compose bags and renewable products. †¢ Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers are produced naturally by microorganisms directly from sugar feedstock. The polymer is isolated, purified and processed. These components can be controlled by varying the ratio of sugar feedstock. Synthesized PHA is copolyester composed of 3-hydroxy fatty acids hydroxybuterate, hydroxyvalerate and hydroxyhexanoate. In all PHAs the hydroxyl substituted carbon atom is steriochemical -R configuration. Since they are composed of short chain and long chain length –R groups, they are used for a variety of commercial applications. References Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007, Pp 1437-1449 Stevens, E. S. , Green Plastics: An introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics, Princeton University Press, 2003 Biodegradable Plastics. (2016, Oct 08).

The Origin and Significance of European Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay

The Origin and Significance of European Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example Indeed, despite Germany being at the centre of the origin of the European debt crisis, there were other players who had the authority to save the euro member countries from plunging into this crisis. Introduction Manolopoulos (2011) refers to the European sovereign debt crisis as a financial crisis which has caused some Eurozone countries to have difficulties in refinancing respective government debts unless a third party intervenes. The decade preceding 2009 saw the Eurozone achieve much success economically with the European Central Bank, ECB achieving its policy objectives. The inflation was maintained at low with an almost equilibrium GDP. The use of a single currency reduced the cost of transactions with the greatest effect being on territories of countries where financial interactions were intense. Nonetheless, Grahl (2011) noted that with a single currency, member countries lose control of their currencies. As such, the exchange rate becomes fixed and in times of competitiveness problems, the country would not devalue or allow depreciation of its currency. During the crisis of the sovereign debt crisis, Britain was cushioned against this because of not being a member of the Eurozone. Secondly, these countries lose the control of domestic interest rates which influence investment and consumption effectively affecting the economy. It would only be beneficial if the member economies move at par. But with discrepancies, with others in recession while others face inflation, this becomes costly. The average good performance of the Eurozone hid some of these misgivings and individual performances of these countries. For instance, countries negatively affected by the Eurozone debt crisis had inflation rates of above 2% despite the average inflation of the Germany, the largest economy in the Eurozone being always being lower than 2% (Grahl 2011). While Germany had gradual growth, the other countries had domestic booms and entered into debt crisis with Greece being the first casualty followed by Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy in that order, with their account deficits being traced back to 1999. These countries borrowed for their domestic financing from abroad such as the housing developments in Spain and Ireland and government spending in Italy financed by German household savings. These financing was given when these countries were unable to service these debts in the long run. Instead of financing human capital and productive projects that would lead to higher future returns, the investments were on public and private consumption and on wasteful construction projects. According to Conquest (2011), financial crises resulting from housing booms would normally lead to sovereign debt crisis. Grahl (2011) further argues that sovereign debt crisis would be further propelled by fears of government’s insolvency as it would fail to pay capital and interest on its bonds. Eventually, capital markets get closed and the governments forced to default. The local currency would then depreciate followed by

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum Research Paper

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum - Research Paper Example The artist here worked skillfully to make the viewer share these feelings. The artist was inspired by the work and ideologies of modern theologians, who implored the faithful to recognize with Christ in his torment. This painting was intended to point to Christ’s torment by depicting him hanging greatly with bowed head and bleeding wounds. A swarm of other statures forms the backdrop of the cross, and they are frequently notable for their expressiveness. From the artwork, the Virgin Mary weeps piteously in the foreground. Other hosts of statures are in oriental dress just gaze at Christ as if he has somewhat enthused them. These figures reflect a shift from style, but it also permeates the scene with enhanced reality, which in effect makes the episode more available to virtuous rumination (MacArthur 12-25). In this German art, episodes from the Passion have made the concentration of greater independent picture. This approach by the artist bought new probabilities for artists a s well as virtuous viewers. The artist seems to have been influenced by the spirit of Transformation, which is why he worked deftly to involve the emotions in meditation of Christ’s suffering and death. His painting dispenses with details of tales and environment and so compels the observer into undeviating engagement with the body of Christ. He has achieved this by showing Christ’s suffering with categorical realism at close proximity to the observer. â€Å"His style is nothing but a striking demonstration of the potency of artistic custom in the service of expressive effect.†2 The compacted configuration and superlative costumes of the statures both demonstrate the artist’s experience and emphasize the scenes reality (MacArthur 25-28). The Catholic Church reconfirmed the value of images in Christian devotion and the significance of the emotions in religious experience. These judgments warranted that the Church would persist to stimulate commissions for Italian painters, and that the life of Christ would retain its significance in art. Many paintings of the passion of Christ were commissioned for a Church. The body of Christ hanging on the wooden cross pertains to the image of a powerless, undressed tormented man, and many observers of the artwork recognize the culture of crucifixion. The nuisance of Christ’s crucifixion tale on the artwork is somewhat a type of defacement, which is, engraving a sophisticated narrative of sin and consecration onto the body of someone powerless, converting the maimed body of another into a symbol. The painter has used figures and environments in a life-like manner to make the scenes appear existent and the message convincing. Christ is the innermost stature in the painting. The painter has adroitly utilized the symbols and tales of Christianity to narrate the happening in the artwork, shaping how the violence is viewed and understood. â€Å"Christ’s crucifixion endeavors to make conse quential the suffering of another, but still stimulates another desecration.†3 Superimposing a Christian tale on a worshipper’s suffering to provide that suffering meaning in terms of the individuals causing that suffering thinks a narrative of triumph, salvation, where there is none

Review of Research Paper on RNA in Mammalian Cells -- Biology

Review of Research Paper: Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells Overview The significance of this experiment is that it shows how siRNA suppresses the expression of genes in different mammalian cells. It was known previous to the experiment that dsRNA can trigger apoptosis in cells- this is an automatic defense mechanism that mammalian cells use to protect against the dsRNA possessed by viruses. The dsRNA can cause RNA interference when it is taken into the cell by a transgene or a virus. The dsRNA is then cleaved by ribonuclease III enzyme into 21-22 nucleotide siRNA's. The siRNA's joins a nuclease complex to form an RNA-induced silencing complex. This complex then cleaves and degrades mRNA. The question was, could transfecting the cell directly with siRNA produce RNA interference? This experiment was performed to test whether siRNA's are capable of RNAi in mammalian cell cultures. (The idea to test gene silencing on mammalian cells sparked from a petunia-darkening experiment.) To do this they synthesized siRNA duplexes against genes that coded for sea pansies and two variants of firefly luciferases. Luciferase is used because it emits light so it's easy to see if the genes are turned on or off, and by what degree. The luciferase activities were recorded 20 hours after transfection and it was seen that the specific inhibition of luciferase was complete, which is similar to the results obtained for dsRNA. In mammalian cells where the reporter genes were more strongly expressed, the ability of the siRNA to completely suppress the gene was reduced. Background Information So, what's with all these petunia flowers anyways? Gene Suppression Within Plants Plant scientists ... ...nderstanding of the significance of genes. Primarily, by silencing a given gene of the genome using a transfected siRNA, geneticists can quantifiably study the properties of the gene and the allele it encodes. This knowledge can then be applied to the pharmaceutical industry to identify "druggable" gene targets. Plants RNAi can be used for multiple purposes in plants. Among the most notable, it can be used to control insect viral vectors and improve the tolerance to pests and stress so that crops do not need to be destroyed regularly by insecticides. It can also cure plants by potentially eliminating toxins and allergens. Finally, RNAi employment can create perfection by extending flowering and fruit setting periods. References Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells published in Nature (Vol. 411, 24 May 2001).

A Reaction to the Article, “The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind” by Gustave Le Bon

I resolutely concur with Gustave Le Bon’s LAW OF THE MENTAL UNITY OF CROWDS, which is indeed a socio-psychological phenomenon manifested throughout history and continues to manifest in our day-to-day lives. We are social beings. That makes this law almost absolute that to exclude oneself from it would mean excluding oneself from the rest of society and humanity, or one’s community to be more specific.Le Bon’s multifaceted analysis on the psychological crowd gave me the feeling of referring to it as a community. As he spoke of â€Å"collectiveness†, I remembered â€Å"sharing.† His discussion on the â€Å"individual comprising the crowd† reminded me of â€Å"group membership.† When he spoke of â€Å"contagion† I thought of â€Å"shared expectations and common goals.†His â€Å"influence and suggestion,† are â€Å"motives and issues† to me in relation to community. Most importantly, his statement of individuals being equals regardless of intellect and social status is â€Å"democracy.†   These heightened my belief of the law as I became more comfortable in relating his claims to everyday life.What is more convincing with the article is that it was written in a realistic and practical approach. Le Bon didn’t dwell idealistically in his concept of the psychological crowd, like me in my understanding of a community.Diversity, conflict, and factions in thinking are certainly inevitable and are always threats to harmony and homogeny. More so, the bottom line of every crowd or community’s dynamics is the motives, commitment, and gains of its members.Like Gustave’s discussion on the psychological crowd’s dynamics of having the individuals conscious and independent ways of thinking dissolved in a crowd, my understanding of a community is that it is composed of people who transmit knowledge through sharing rather than individually inheriting traits and characte ristics from their parents.Undeniably, this law had been formulated through in-depth observation of the dynamics of historical events and processes. It shall never cease to support the existence of social, cultural, political, and economic entities, that is all the advances as well as the setbacks human development has brought to us.ALL religions, ALL laws, ALL business establishments and policies, ALL family systems, ALL academic institutions, ALL forms technology, ALL sciences, ALL wars and conflicts, etc. are all products of MENTAL UNITY OF CROWDS. As long as people converge to work on something, as long as they exist and need each other, this law shall be valid.If Sociology is the study of human social behavior, origins, institutions, organization, and the development of human society, then Le Bon’s Law would be the very much essential to justifying the existence of the science (Sociology).It effectively presents a powerful phenomenon that explains the process of the simp le individual being the foundation of a more complex crowd, which tells us so much about social relationships and behaviors, and organizational processes. Thus, it is able to profoundly provide us a base of what we are actually studying every day in this course.

Rugby World Cup 2015 Essay Example for College Students - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2454 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Despite widespread publication of a positive economic impact resulting from the Rugby World Cup in 2015, issues such as overspending, forecasting accuracy, and the focus of the reporting itself, suggests there are also factors which may materially reduce the overall impact. Because of this, it is possible the widely publicised outlook for this event is overly optimistic. This report will critically analyse the direct, indirect and induced economic impact of the Rugby World Cup 2015 for England. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rugby World Cup 2015 Essay Example for College Students" essay for you Create order Beginning with a summary of the economic impact, issues will then be examined with reference to the stated impacts, relevant literature, and comparable events around the world such as previous Rugby World Cups. The analysis concludes that the economic impact of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, while sizeable, may not be as significant as predicted. Summary of Economic Impacts A report by Ernst Young forecasts a number of economic benefits to the 2015 Rugby World Cup, including over $2 million in economic output, and a direct boost to GDP of $463 million (Arnold and Grice, 2015; summarised in Table 1). Media promoting these benefits is widespread, with the Ernst Young report often cited to describe and support the positive impacts of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The many media examples include Bergson (2015), Menary (2015), and Wilson (2015). Due to the credibility of the financial services firm Ernst Young (Aubin, 2012), as well as the wide-spread publication of these results, the economic impact by Arnold and Grice (2015) will be used as the basis for this analysis, as summarised in Table 1. Contribution Type Impact Category Impact Source Amount (millions) Output Direct Visitor Spend Ticket revenue (international) Infrastructure investment Fanzone spend Stadia spend $869 $68 $85 $5 $13 Indirect and induced $1,165 GDP Direct Visitor spend Ticket revenue (international) Infrastructure contribution Fanzone spend Stadia contribution $391 $29 $35 $2 $6 Indirect and induced $518 Table 1. Summarised from Arnold and Grice (2015, pp18-20) For the purpose of this analysis, direct impact is considered to be initial spending stimulus arising from the event, including infrastructure expenditure and ticket revenue. Indirect economic impacts result from transactions that occur as a result of the initial spending, such as additional tourism expenditure in other areas. Induced impacts are the result of increased consumer spending due to higher income, such as greater support for sports and health overall. These definitions are outlined by Saayman and Saayman (2012, p223) and are consistent with the examples provided in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015). Support and improvements for the Forecasted Economic Impact Financial Stimulus The publicity of a major sporting event is said to improve the local brand overall, resulting in additional foreign investment, including business and tourism. While arguably temporary, this publicity can stimulate activity during a time of economic slowdown, which in turn creates indirect economic impacts such as increased demand for manufacturing, and induced effects such as higher overall employment, in particular in the hospitality industry (Arnold and Grice, 2015; Statistics New Zealand, 2012). While purely financial transactions are not included as part of GDP increases (McConnell et. al, 2010), some GDP growth may occur on the back of a strong financial market, driven by the Rugby World Cup. Increased publicity for the host country, coupled with high consumer excitement and mass sponsorship exposure may explain why share prices tend to improve during mass sporting events. For example, during the 2013 Wimbledon, the 10 largest listed companies in Scotland experienced a 7.5% increase in share price, while the FTSE100 increased by 5.1% (Thanapathy, 2015). In addition, the first trading week following the announcement of a significant sponsorship agreement saw sponsoring companies in the U.S.A. experience significant share price gains (Harrow and Swatek, 2011). While not mentioned in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015), an induced economic impact to the Rugby World Cup may be increasing investment in additional goods and services, as business confidence increases due to the strong financial market. The Multiplier Effect and Social Good An additional contributor to GDP and output is the result of the multiplier effect, that is, the increase in investment bringing about a disproportionate increase in GDP via spending and re-spending (Saayman and Saayman, 2012; McConnell et. al, 2010). The multiplier effect during an event such as the Rugby World Cup is likely to be significant, not only through increased consumer and business spending, but in areas such as an increased interest in sports, which in turn encourages a higher focus on public health overall. The social benefits of large sporting events are evident in the Comrades Marathon, where induced economic impacts included the benefits of increased income and spending reaching the poor. Saayman and Saayman (2012) note that their findings regarding the social benefits of the Comrades Marathon are consistent with broader literature, which also finds the economic impact of large scale sporting events reaches both rich and poor. Thus the direct impact of increased output and income generated by the Rugby World Cup is likely to increase GDP more than the initial investment, creating indirect and induced impacts via the multiplier effect. Including both Domestic and International spend When measuring economic impact, Arnold and Grice (2015) exclude domestic spend on sporting events because, it is argued, this money would remain in the economy regardless, being spent elsewhere if not on the Rugby World Cup. However, domestic spend may also be relevant as this recreational income could easily be spent in a different economy, were it not for this event (Saayman and Saayman, 2012). Given the proximity of England to European destinations, and the cultural relevance of Soccer in England and Europe (Gibbons, 2014), it is likely that English income would be spent in other countries if the Rugby World Cup was held elsewhere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" either to another destination for a holiday, or to the country hosting the World Cup. During the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, the second most popular tourist origin was direct from the U.K.; a significant number of additional sports tourists from the U.K. arrived via Australia (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). Thus both dome stic and international expenditure on the Rugby World Cup 2015 is significant. Amending visitor and ticket revenue, and revenue derived from food and beverages, to include domestic consumers may be more accurate than focusing solely on additional international income. New Zealand, for example, note an increase in domestic household spending during the Rugby World Cup 2011, driven primarily by food and beverage, in addition to international spend (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). Similar to the Canadian analysis of Sports Tourism, domestic income may be included on a separate line for clarity and completeness (The Outspan Group Inc, 2009). While this may serve to increase forecasted output by increasing overall predicted spend, as discussed under Forecasting Ticket Sales, it is also possible that international spend reduces the economic impact of domestic expenditure in some areas, as the two may net each other out. Limitations and Challenges to the Forecasted Economic Impact The tendency to over-estimate Historically, the economic impacts of sporting events have been overestimated by host countries (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008; Horrow and Swatek, 2011). For example, the economic impact of the 2002 World Cup fell significantly short of the estimated $31 billion (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008). While GDP and consumption was affected during the 2011 Rugby World Cup, New Zealand reports that it did not contribute to the New Zealand economy, as measured in the BoP and national accounts (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). The Super Bowl XL publicised an economic impact of $300million on the back of sports tourism exceeding expectations, however figures later released by the Michigan Department of Treasury suggest the actual economic impact was negligible (Horrow and Swatek, 2011). It is thus highly possible that the economic impact for England has been similarly over-estimated. Economic Impact Intention As a general rule, economic impact reports measure total, as opposed to net, activity or income (Saayman and Saayman, 2012), and for this reason may appear overly positive compared to more balanced analyses, such as cost-benefit, where expenditure as well as income is considered. While economic impact is sometimes defined as net benefit (Crompton, 2006 in Saayman and Saayman, 2012), the more widely accepted definition is monetary payments as they move through a regional economy for the purpose of measuring the impact of an event as it relates to that economy (Tyrrrell and Johnston, 2006, p3). While omitting additional costs is technically correct, it can seem misleading in journal articles written for the general public, who may be unaware of these definitions. The article by Menary (2015), for example, presents an unrealistically optimistic view of the financial viability of the Rugby World Cup, as the public is only made aware of gains. Direct economic impacts, such as the $68 million in ticket revenue noted in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015) may return a far lower figure once additional costs such as administration have been taken into account. It is possible that GDP and output will increase by the stated amounts, however for a complete picture, more than the standard economic impact should be considered. Forecasting: Ticket Sales as Incremental Income It is possible that locals would attend the Rugby World Cup in place of tourists, were it not for the influx of football fans (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008, p233) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a possibility that nets out the impact of international spend on tickets to some degree, since the international income is replacing local income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" not adding to it. Further understanding local activity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the propensity to travel and attend local events is therefore vital in understanding the true economic impact of international spending during the Rugby World Cup in 2015. As noted by Saayman and Saayman (2012, p232): in order to increase the economic benefit of the event, expanding both these markets might be worthwhile. Further, one way Arnold and Grice (2015, p8) forecast ticket revenue and consumer interest is by measuring the historic percentage of seats filled during World Cup Events. While these percentages have hovered around 95% for the past two events, it i s not known how many of these tickets were paid for, given away, or scalped. In the 2000 Olympics, for example, questions were raised regarding the distribution of tickets to sponsors and hospitality companies, while in the 2012 Summer Olympics, London began distributing free tickets to fill stadiums during events (Freid et. al., 2013). Predicting public interest is not as simple as measuring seats filled, and it is possible that increased output as a result of tickets sales is overstated. Timeframe: Impact of one-off vs repetitive events A number of impact drivers for the 2015 Rugby World Cup are short-term, which may help explain why the estimated benefits, in particular the induced benefits and assumptions regarding the multiplier effect, may be overstated. While regular, local events use existing infrastructure, require lower levels of investment, and have ongoing effects (Higham in Ritchie and Adair, 2004, p135), it is possible that larger events experience more temporary economic impacts, as the related investment is for a unique, rather than an ongoing, event. In Japan, for example, Saitama currently spends nearly $4 million per year maintaining a stadium built to host the 2002 Rugby World Cup, despite the venue now only drawing around 20,000 spectators for local sporting events (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008). In the U.S.A., an abundance of abandoned and crumbling sports places exist, many less than 20 years old (Horrow and Swatek, 2011, p3). As noted above under The Tendency to Overestimate, New Zealand exp erienced increased economic activity during the Rugby World Cup in 2011; however the long term impact was not as significant (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). When measuring the economic impact in England, Arnold and Grice (2015, p11) refer to an induced economic impact of further investment on the back of a lasting legacy for the sport. In addition, infrastructure investment is listed as the second most influential direct economic impact. However, given the results in New Zealand, the U.S.A., Japan and Korea, and the nature of large, relatively infrequent sporting events, it is possible these benefits have been overstated, particularly in the long term. Conclusion In conclusion, it is likely the economic impact of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, as outlined by Arnold and Grice (2015), is a good overview. Increased economic activity leads to direct impacts including increased output and GDP driven by higher foreign and corporate investment, such as sports tourism and corporate branding respectively. Indirect impacts include high intermediary activity, including increases in the hospitality industry and spend on food and beverages, while induced benefits are as far reaching as social support driven by higher consumer income and the multiplier effect. While these impacts are positive, it is believed the magnitude of the results have been exaggerated, due to limitations including the tendency of host countries to overestimate the impact of sporting events, and the temporary effects of short-term events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" even those as large as the Rugby World Cup. Further, due to the scope of an economic impact statement, many costs have gone unmen tioned, creating a disproportionate impression of gains and optimism. 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